CompJet

Automatic Redirection

2009-02-13T23:40:00.004+05:30

Many a time we want the page to be automatically redirected to some another location. In order to achieve the same a single statement needs to be written in the header section of the page from where redirection is to be achieved. This is a meta tag. e.g. if we want the page xyz.htm to be redirected to abc.htm then we will write following code in the head segment of xyz.htm

<meta equiv="refresh" content="1; url=abc.htm">

This means that whenever a user tries to come to the page xyz.htm he will automatically land at abc.htm after 1 second.

Typical description of this statement is as follows :

<meta equiv="refresh" content="anyno; url=address.here">

Replace anyno in the above tag with any number and the page will be redirected after this much second has passed since the opening of this page.

Replace address.here with the destination address of redirection abc.htm in our case.

NOTE : Above statement should be written in between the head tag of the page.

Demonstrate PROCEDURES IN PL/SQL

2009-01-14T00:06:00.000+05:30

--Write a Procedure to increase the salary of an employee with given percentage.
create or replace procedure AccHike(PER accounts.sal%type, EID accounts.empno%type)
is
ENO accounts.empno%type;
EName accounts.empname%type;
ESal accounts.sal%type;
EJob accounts.job%type;
begin
update accounts set sal=sal*per where empno=EID;
end;
/
@ c:\sql8
Procedure created.

Demonstrate the use of triggers in PL/SQL

2009-01-14T00:05:00.000+05:30

create or replace trigger AccTri
before insert or update on accounts
for each row
begin
if inserting then
:new.sal:= :new.sal*2;
elsif :new.sal<(2* :old.sal) then
:new.sal := :old.sal*2;
end if;
end;
/
SQL> @ c:\sql7
Trigger created.
insert into accounts values(8000,'T. N. Raja',2000,'Judge');
1 row created.
select * from accounts;
EMPNO EMPNAME SAL JOB
---------- ------------------------- ---------- -------------------------
1025 durgesh chaudhary 200000 engineer
2001 Anoop 20 Seargent
9899 arun 5 lawyer
8000 T. N. Raja 4000 Judge
1021 Meenu K. 4500 Manager
1022 Sarika M. 3000 Clerk
1023 Preeti A.. 3300 D. Mgr.
1024 Manisha P. 4500 Analyst
1025 Ramesh C. 5000 Peon
1025 Ramesh C. 1000 Peon
10 rows selected.
update accounts set sal=sal*1.15;
10 rows updated.
select * from accounts;
EMPNO EMPNAME SAL JOB
1025 durgesh chaudhary 400000 engineer
2001 Anoop 40 Seargent
9899 arun 10 lawyer
8000 T. N. Raja 8000 Judge
1021 Meenu K. 9000 Manager
1022 Sarika M. 6000 Clerk
1023 Preeti A.. 6600 D. Mgr.
1024 Manisha P. 9000 Analyst
1025 Ramesh C. 10000 Peon
1025 Ramesh C. 2000 Peon
10 rows selected.
--see the change what we expected and what it resulted while inserting and updating.

Demonstrate the use of Cursors in PL/SQL

2009-01-14T00:04:00.000+05:30

--IMPLICIT CURSOR (SQL CURSOR)
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;
DECLARE
Code ACCOUNTS.EmpNo%Type;
Name ACCOUNTS.EmpName%Type;
TJob ACCOUNTS.Job%Type;
Salary ACCOUNTS.Sal%Type;
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.ENABLE;
Code := &Employee_Number;
Name := &Name;
TJob := &Job_Title;
Salary := &Salary;
INSERT INTO ACCOUNTS VALUES(Code,Name,Salary,TJob);
Code:=&NewCode;
select * into Code,Name,Salary,TJob from accounts where Empno=Code;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(Code' 'Name' 'Salary' 'TJob);
END;
/
@ c:\sql6
Enter value for employee_number: 7858
old 8: Code := &Employee_Number;
new 8: Code := 7858;
Enter value for name: 'abhilash'
old 9: Name := &Name;
new 9: Name := 'abhilash';
Enter value for job_title: 'Jocky'
old 10: TJob := &Job_Title;
new 10: TJob := 'Jocky';
Enter value for salary: 786
old 11: Salary := &Salary;
new 11: Salary := 786;
Enter value for newcode: 1021
old 13: Code:=&NewCode;
new 13: Code:=1021;
1021 Meenu K. 9000 Manager
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--EXPLICIT CURSOR
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;
DECLARE
CURSOR TEmp IS SELECT * FROM ACCOUNTS;
TEmpRec ACCOUNTS%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.ENABLE;
OPEN TEmp;
LOOP
FETCH TEmp INTO TEmpRec;
EXIT WHEN TEmp%NOTFOUND;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TEmpRec.EmpName' with Code 'TEmpRec.Empno' is working as 'TEmpRec.Job' at Rs.'TEmpRec.Sal);
END LOOP;
CLOSE TEmp;
END;
/
@ c:\pra 8
Anoop with Code 2001 is working as Seargent at Rs.40
arun with Code 9899 is working as lawyer at Rs.10
T. N. Raja with Code 8000 is working as Judge at Rs.8000
Meenu K. with Code 1021 is working as Manager at Rs.9000
Sarika M. with Code 1022 is working as Clerk at Rs.6000
Preeti A.. with Code 1023 is working as D. Mgr. at Rs.6600
Manisha P. with Code 1024 is working as Analyst at Rs.9000
Ramesh C. with Code 1025 is working as Peon at Rs.10000
Ramesh C. with Code 1026 is working as Peon at Rs.2000
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Demonstrate PL/SQL Block and its working

2009-01-14T00:02:00.000+05:30

--Program to demonstrate the if else end if construct
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;
DECLARE
NUM1 NUMBER(2);
NUM2 NUMBER(2);
TEMP NUMBER(2);
BEGIN
NUM1 := &NUMBER1;
NUM2 := &NUMBER2;
DBMS_OUTPUT.ENABLE;
IF NUM1 > NUM2 THEN
TEMP := NUM1;
NUM1 := NUM2;
NUM2 := TEMP;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('NUMBERS SWAPPED. NOW NUMBER1 ='NUM1'AND NUMBER2 = 'NUM2);
ELSE
NUM1 := 2*NUM1;
NUM2 := 2*NUM2;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('NUMBERS DOUBLED. NOW NUMBER1 ='NUM1'AND NUMBER2 = 'NUM2);
END IF;
END;
/
@ c:\sql10
Enter value for number1: 10
old 6: NUM1 := &NUMBER1;
new 6: NUM1 := 10;
Enter value for number2: 15
old 7: NUM2 := &NUMBER2;
new 7: NUM2 := 15;
NUMBERS DOUBLED. NOW NUMBER1 =20AND NUMBER2 = 30
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
@ c:\sql10
Enter value for number1: 15
old 6: NUM1 := &NUMBER1;
new 6: NUM1 := 15;
Enter value for number2: 10
old 7: NUM2 := &NUMBER2;
new 7: NUM2 := 10;
NUMBERS SWAPPED. NOW NUMBER1 =10AND NUMBER2 = 15
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--PROGRAM ILLUSTRATING IF_THEN_ELSIF CONSTRUCT USING A SIMPLE CALCULATOR.
DECLARE
NUM1 NUMBER(2);
NUM2 NUMBER(2);
RESULT NUMBER(4);
OPER CHAR(1);
BEGIN
NUM1 := &NUMBER1;
NUM2 := &NUMBER2;
OPER := &ARITHEMATIC_OPERATOR;
IF OPER = '+' THEN
RESULT := NUM1 + NUM2;
ELSIF OPER = '-' THEN
RESULT := NUM1 - NUM2;
ELSIF OPER = '*' THEN
RESULT := NUM1 * NUM2;
ELSIF OPER = '/' THEN
RESULT := NUM1 / NUM2;
END IF;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('RESULT IS 'RESULT);
END;
/
@ c:\sql10
Enter value for number1: 10
old 7: NUM1 := &NUMBER1;
new 7: NUM1 := 10;
Enter value for number2: 15
old 8: NUM2 := &NUMBER2;
new 8: NUM2 := 15;
Enter value for arithematic_operator: '+'
old 9: OPER := &ARITHEMATIC_OPERATOR;
new 9: OPER := '+';
RESULT IS25
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--PROGRAM TO PRINT FIRST N NATURAL NUMBERS & THEIR SUM
DECLARE
NUM NUMBER;
TOT NUMBER:=0;
BEGIN
NUM := &HOW_MANY_NUMBERS;
FOR I IN 1..NUM
LOOP
TOT := TOT + I;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(I);
END LOOP;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('THE SUM OF FIRST 'NUM' NATURAL NUMBERS IS 'TOT);
END;
/
@ c:\sql10
Enter value for how_many_numbers: 5
old 5: NUM := &HOW_MANY_NUMBERS;
new 5: NUM := 5;
1
2
3
4
5
THE SUM OF FIRST 5 NATURAL NUMBERS IS 15
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--PROGRAM TO PRINT FACTORIAL OF A NUMBER
set serveroutput on;
declare
Num1 number;
Num2 number;
Result number := 1;
begin
Num1:=&Number_1;
Num2 := Num1;
WHILE Num1>1
LOOP
Result := Result*Num1;
Num1 := Num1-1;
END LOOP;
dbms_output.put_line('Factorial of 'Num2' is 'Result);
end;
/
SQL> @ c:\sql10
Enter value for number_1: 5
old 6: Num1:=&Number_1;
new 6: Num1:=5;
Factorial of 5 is 120
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Demonstrate use of Union, Intersect, Minus and Create views.

2009-01-14T00:01:00.000+05:30

--TABLE USED
select * from exports;
EMPNO EMPNAME SAL JOB
4001 Qamar T.. 3600 Salesman
4002 Raghav S.. 3900 Analyst
4003 Anirudh K. 4600 Manager
select * from sales;
EMPNO EMPNAME SAL JOB
3051 Ekagra K. 6000 Manager
3052 Saurabh T. 4000 Salesman
3053 Richa T. 4000 Salesman
3054 Nikhil S. 2000 Clerk
select * from research;
EMPNO EMPNAME SAL JOB
2001 Parul T. 4100 Analyst
2002 Khushboo T. 3800 Analyst
2003 Sahil K. 4700 Manager
2004 Tahir A. 3600 Analyst
select * from accounts;
EMPNO EMPNAME SAL JOB
1021 Meenu K. 4500 Manager
1022 Sarika M. 3000 Clerk
1023 Preeti A.. 3300 D. Mgr.
1024 Manisha P. 4500 Analyst
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNION STATEMENTS
select * from accounts union select * from research union select * from sales union select * from exports;
EMPNO EMPNAME SAL JOB
1021 Meenu K. 4500 Manager
1022 Sarika M. 3000 Clerk
1023 Preeti A.. 3300 D. Mgr.
1024 Manisha P. 4500 Analyst
2001 Parul T. 4100 Analyst
2002 Khushboo T. 3800 Analyst
2003 Sahil K. 4700 Manager
2004 Tahir A. 3600 Analyst
3051 Ekagra K. 6000 Manager
3052 Saurabh T. 4000 Salesman
3053 Richa T. 4000 Salesman
3054 Nikhil S. 2000 Clerk
4001 Qamar T.. 3600 Salesman
4002 Raghav S.. 3900 Analyst
4003 Anirudh K. 4600 Manager
15 rows selected.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
select job from accounts union all select job from research union all select job from sales union all select job from exports;
JOB
Manager
Clerk
D. Mgr.
Analyst
Analyst
Analyst
Manager
Analyst
Manager
Salesman
Salesman
Clerk
Salesman
Analyst
Manager
15 rows selected.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INTERSECT STATEMENTS
select job from accounts intersect select job from research ;
JOB
Analyst
Manager
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
select job from accounts intersect select job from research intersect select job from sales intersect select job from exports;
JOB
Manager
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MINUS STATEMENTS
select job from accounts minus select job from research ;
JOB
Clerk
D. Mgr.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
select * from accounts minus select * from research ;
EMPNO EMPNAME SAL JOB
1021 Meenu K. 4500 Manager
1022 Sarika M. 3000 Clerk
1023 Preeti A.. 3300 D. Mgr.
1024 Manisha P. 4500 Analyst
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CREATING VIEWS
create view TAcc as select * from Accounts where sal>3500;
View created.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
select * from Tacc;
EMPNO EMPNAME SAL JOB
1021 Meenu K. 4500 Manager
1024 Manisha P. 4500 Analyst
insert into tacc values(1025,'Ramesh C.',5000,'Peon');
1 row created.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
select * from tacc;
EMPNO EMPNAME SAL JOB
1021 Meenu K. 4500 Manager
1024 Manisha P. 4500 Analyst
1025 Ramesh C. 5000 Peon
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
select * from accounts;
EMPNO EMPNAME SAL JOB
1021 Meenu K. 4500 Manager
1022 Sarika M. 3000 Clerk
1023 Preeti A.. 3300 D. Mgr.
1024 Manisha P. 4500 Analyst
1025 Ramesh C. 5000 Peon
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
insert into tacc values(1026,'Mahesh J.',1000,'Peon');
1 row created.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
select * from tacc;
EMPNO EMPNAME SAL JOB
1021 Meenu K. 4500 Manager
1024 Manisha P. 4500 Analyst
1025 Ramesh C. 5000 Peon
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
select * from Accounts;
EMPNO EMPNAME SAL JOB
1021 Meenu K. 4500 Manager
1022 Sarika M. 3000 Clerk
1023 Preeti A.. 3300 D. Mgr.
1024 Manisha P. 4500 Analyst
1025 Ramesh C. 5000 Peon
1026 Mahesh J. 1000 Peon
6 rows selected.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
create view TEmp as select * from accounts where sal>3500 union select * from research where sal>3500 union select * from sales where sal>3500 union select * from exports where sal>3500 ;
View created.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
select * from temp;
EMPNO EMPNAME SAL JOB
---------- ------------------------- ---------- -------------------------
1021 Meenu K. 4500 Manager
1024 Manisha P. 4500 Analyst
1025 Ramesh C. 5000 Peon
2001 Parul T. 4100 Analyst
2002 Khushboo T. 3800 Analyst
2003 Sahil K. 4700 Manager
2004 Tahir A. 3600 Analyst
3051 Ekagra K. 6000 Manager
3052 Saurabh T. 4000 Salesman
3053 Richa T. 4000 Salesman
4001 Qamar T.. 3600 Salesman
4002 Raghav S.. 3900 Analyst
4003 Anirudh K. 4600 Manager
13 rows selected.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Explain SQL Functions available in SQL

2009-01-13T23:59:00.000+05:30

CHARACTER FUNCTIONS
----------------
select concat('Good ',' Morning')"My Name" from dual
My Name
Good Morning
----------------
select initcap('good')"My Name" from dual;
My Name
Good
----------------
select lower('GoOd')"My Name" from dual;
My Name
good
----------------
select upper('GoOd')"My Name" from dual;
My Name
GOOD
----------------
select lpad('Good',10,'$')"My Name" from dual;
My Name
$$$$$$Good
----------------
select rpad('Good',10,'$')"My Name" from dual;
My Name
Good$$$$$$
----------------
select substr('GoodDay',4,2)"My Name" from dual;
My Name
dD
----------------
select ltrim(' Good ')"My Name" from dual;
My Name
Good
----------------
select rtrim(' Good ')"My Name" from dual;
My Name
Good
----------------
select trim(' Good ')"My Name" from dual;
My Name
Good
----------------
select INSTR('Good Morning','o',2,3)"My Name" from dual;
My Name
7
----------------
select Length('Good Morning')"My Name" from dual;
My Name
12
----------------
NUMERIC FUNCTIONS
----------------
select mod(15,12)"My Value" from dual;
My Value
3
----------------
select power(15,12)"My Value" from dual;
My Value
129746337890625
----------------
select round(152.49,1)"My Value" from dual;
My Value
152.5
----------------
select trunc(152.49,1)"My Value" from dual;
My Value
152.4
----------------
select round(158.49,-1)"My Value" from dual;
My Value
160
----------------
select trunc(158.49,-1)"My Value" from dual;
My Value
150
----------------
select sign(-158.49)"My Value" from dual;
My Value
-1
----------------
select sign(158.49)"My Value" from dual;
My Value
1
----------------
select sqrt(256)"My Value" from dual;
My Value
16
----------------

Explain Transaction Control Statements used to manage the changes made by DML statements

2009-01-13T23:57:00.000+05:30

select * from student;
STUID STUNAME GENDER ADDRESS
2 Dhruv M Sec-15 Noida
3 Pooja G IndiraPuram
4 akhil M R K Puram
5 anand M Rithala
-------------
commit;
Statement processed.
-------------
delete from student;
4 row(s) deleted.
-------------
select * from student;
no data found
-------------
Rollback
Statement processed.
-------------
select * from student;
STUID STUNAME GENDER ADDRESS
2 Dhruv M Sec-15 Noida
3 Pooja G IndiraPuram
4 akhil M R K Puram
5 anand M Rithala
-------------

Explain DML statements

2009-01-13T23:52:00.000+05:30

Insert, Update, Select, Delete commands in different formats
--------------------
insert into student values(1,'Abhi','M','Sec-5 Rohini');
1 row(s) inserted.
--------------------
insert into student(stuid,stuname) values(43,'durgesh chaudhary');
1 row(s) inserted.
--------------------
insert into student values(2,'Dhruv','M','Sec-15 Noida');
1 row(s) inserted.
--------------------
insert into student values(3,'Pooja','G','IndiraPuram');
1 row(s) inserted.
--------------------
insert into student values(4,'akhil','M','R K Puram');
1 row(s) inserted.
--------------------
insert into student values(5,'anand','M','Rithala');
1 row(s) inserted.
--------------------
insert into student values(6,'anu','F','Nangli');
1 row(s) inserted.
--------------------
insert into student values(7,'sushil','M','Dhaula Kuan');
1 row(s) inserted.
--------------------
select * from student;
STUID STUNAME GENDER ADDRESS
1 Abhi M Sec-5 Rohini
43 durgesh chaudhary - -
2 Dhruv M Sec-15 Noida
6 anu F Nangli
3 Pooja G IndiraPuram
4 akhil M R K Puram
5 anand M Rithala
7 sushil M Dhaula Kuan
--------------------
select stuname from student;
STUNAME
Abhi
durgesh chaudhary
Dhruv
anu
Pooja
akhil
anand
sushil
--------------------
select stuname, address from student;
STUNAME ADDRESS
Abhi Sec-5 Rohini
durgesh chaudhary -
Dhruv Sec-15 Noida
anu Nangli
Pooja IndiraPuram
akhil R K Puram
anand Rithala
sushil Dhaula Kuan
--------------------
update student set Gender='m' where stuid=43;
1 row(s) Updated.
--------------------
select * from student;
STUID STUNAME GENDER ADDRESS
1 Abhi M Sec-5 Rohini
43 durgesh chaudhary M -
2 Dhruv M Sec-15 Noida
6 anu F Nangli
3 Pooja G IndiraPuram
4 akhil M R K Puram
5 anand M Rithala
7 sushil M Dhaula Kuan
--------------------
delete from student where stuid>5;
3 row(s) deleted
--------------------
select * from student;
STUID STUNAME GENDER ADDRESS
1 Abhi M Sec-5 Rohini
2 Dhruv M Sec-15 Noida
3 Pooja G IndiraPuram
4 akhil M R K Puram
5 anand M Rithala
--------------------
select * from student where Gender='G';
STUID STUNAME GENDER ADDRESS
3 Pooja G IndiraPuram
--------------------

Explain DDL Commands

2009-01-13T23:30:00.000+05:30

Create table with different attributes like Primary,Not Null, Unique.
Study Alter, Delete, Drop commands
create table employee
(
EID varchar2(10) not null Primary key,
EName varchar2(35) not null,
ENo varchar2(10) unique,
EGender varchar2(1) check( EGender in ('M','F','m','f'))
);
Table created.
---------------
insert into employee values('0431152706','Durgesh Chaudhary','0431152706','M');
1 row(s) inserted
---------------
insert into employee values('0431152706','Abhi Garg','0541152706','M');
ORA-00001: unique constraint (SCOTT.SYS_C004075) violated //because of duplicate EID
---------------
insert into employee values('','Abhi Garg','0541152706','M');
ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("SCOTT"."EMPLOYEE"."EID") // because of NULL EID
---------------
insert into employee values('0541152706','Abhi Garg','0541152706','M');
1 row(s) inserted
---------------
insert into employee values('0291152706','Abhi Garg','','M');
1 row(s) inserted // NULL value accepted
---------------
insert into employee values('0281152706','Ani Tuteja','','G');
ORA-02290: check constraint (SCOTT.SYS_C004074) violated // because of check in EGender
---------------
insert into employee values('0281152706','Ani Tuteja','','F');
1 row(s) inserted.
---------------
select * from employee;
EID ENAME ENO EGENDER
541152706 Abhi Garg 541152706 M
431152706 Durgesh Chaudhary 431152706 M
291152706 Abhi Garg - M
281152706 Ani Tuteja - F
---------------
desc employee;
Column Data Type Length Precision Scale Primary Key Nullable Default Comment
EID Varchar2 10 - - 1 - - -
ENAME Varchar2 35 - - - - - -
ENO Varchar2 10 - - - - Yes
EGENDER Varchar2 1 - - - - Yes
---------------
alter table employee modify(ename varchar2(50));
Table altered.
---------------
alter table employee add(Address varchar2(100) default('C-137, Inder Enclave'));
Table altered.
---------------
alter table employee add(TelNo varchar2(10) default('9899024447'));
Table altered.
---------------
desc employee;
Column Data Type Length Precision Scale Primary Key Nullable Default Comment
EID Varchar2 10 - - 1 - - -
ENAME Varchar2 50 - - - - - -
ENO Varchar2 10 - - - Yes - -
EGENDER Varchar2 1 - - - Yes - -
ADDRESS Varchar2 100 - - - Yes ('C-137, Inder Enclave') -
TELNO Varchar2 10 - - - Yes ('9899024447') -
---------------
select * from employee;
EID ENAME ENO EGENDER ADDRESS TELNO
541152706 Abhi Garg 541152706 M C-137, Inder Enclave 9899024447
431152706 Durgesh Chaudhary 431152706 M C-137, Inder Enclave 9899024447
291152706 Abhi Garg - M C-137, Inder Enclave 9899024447
281152706 Ani Tuteja - F C-137, Inder Enclave 9899024447
---------------
alter table employee drop column address;
Table dropped.
---------------
delete from employee where eid='0281152706';
1 row(s) deleted.
---------------
select * from employee;
EID ENAME ENO EGENDER TELNO
541152706 Abhi Garg 541152706 M 9899024447
431152706 Durgesh Chaudhary 431152706 M 9899024447
291152706 Abhi Garg - M 9899024447
---------------

Speed up your CD/DVD ROM

2009-01-13T23:09:00.000+05:30

If your PC takes a lot of time in processing DVD ROM tasks, then follow following steps it may help you out.

It has helped me in many hard times. Hope you get a good response. But please share your experience as well with me.

First of all make a small change in Registry (Be sure none of the processes are using DVD ROM currently).
Open Registry Editor

Go to Start and click Run.
Hit Enter after entering Regedit there.
Delete Upper Lower filters.

Scroll Down to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Class\{4D36E965-E325-11CE-BFC1-08002BE10318} . It is the 6^th registry in Class Key, and reads DVD CD/ROMs drives in right hand side.

Delete any Lower Filters or Upper Filters entry in right hand pane.

Now close the registry Editor and refresh your system.
Open Device Manager

Right Click My Computer and choose Properties.

Go to Hardware Tab and click Device Manager.

Uninstall Primary and Secondary IDE Channels.

Scroll to IDE ATA/ATAPI controllers and expand it.

Uninstall(Right click then unInstall or press delete) all the Primary and Secondary IDE Channels from bottom but do not uninstall any dual Channel and ATI IDE channels.

At last system will ask for a restart and confirm it.
After restart your system will automatically install these channels, confirm if asked for the install.
System will again restart, confirm it.

Now your system is ready to handle DVD ROM tasks with appropriate speed.

Installing Windows XP with different options

2009-01-13T23:00:00.000+05:30

Requirements :-

Original Microsoft XP CD (which is by default bootable)

Key for the CD

Steps to be followed while installing XP

First of make up your mind what you want to do :-

Repair using Recovery Console
Repair previously installed XP
A Fresh Installation.

First of all change your BIOS configuration so as to make the CD-ROM as the First Boot Device.

Restart the PC after inserting XP CD in CD-ROM, or Insert CD just after switching on the PC.

Hit Enter as soon as Message "Press any key to Boot from CD" is displayed.

It will load some necessary system files now. It will take 2-3 minutes in this step and then it goes automatically to the next stage.

If a window is already installed on your system then it will ask you to repair using recovery console otherwise it will go directly to the next stage.

If you do not want to repair using recovery console then Hit Enter and it will jump to next stage.
Press R if you want to use recovery console to repair your windows. It will then display the list of installed Operating systems and chose the one you want to repair.
Provide Administrator password when prompted.
Here you can alter registry or any corrupted file to recover your PC. It is suitable if you know what is corrpted and how to repair the same.

It will ask you for the license Agreement which you must accept in order to Install XP. Therefore Press F8 and it will proceed to next stage.

Now it will show a list of installed Operating systems, if you have previously installed any Operating Systems, otherwise it will go to next stage.

If you do not want to repair any of the Operating Systems, then go to next stage by Pressing Esc key.
If you want to repair one of the previously installed Operating System then Press R here.
It will then ask you for the confirmation and repair the corrupted Operating System. Though it will take the same time as the fresh installation but it will save your files and will not delete any of them.

Here you will see the partition table and Setup will ask you to select a partition on which you want to install your XP.
If you have not partitioned your Hard Disk or you want to re-create one then do it now.
Move to the partition on which you want to install XP and press Enter there.

If you have selected the partition which already contains an Operating System then it will give you a message and you can continue after pressing the required key or go back to select any other partiton.

Now you will be asked to select the Format type which you want to use with your XP.
You should select NTFS(Quick) here, quick option will take less time. But if you want to format the Partiton completely then chose NTFS.

If you are installing XP on a partition which already contains an Operating System then it will display one more option which reads Leave the file system intact i.e. Do not format the partition at all and continue installation.

Chose the one that suits your need

It will then continue with formatting and then copy some of the required system files. This takes approximately 5-7 minutes and then restarts the system automatically.

During Restart it will again show "Press any key to Boot from CD" , Do not press any key this time.

Now first Graphical interface will come into view, and you ill asked for the XP Key. Enter it correctly.

When prompted for your Locals detail feed them Correctly. Chose your correct time zone, Set the Calender and time. For India chose the time zone to be +5:30.

When prompted set the LAN settings and other language settings. For most of the user leaving the default settings works well. All this will take 25-30Minutes and the system will restart again.

After restart system will adjust the display settings and then ask you for Administrator Password which is optional, but providing Administrator password is good habit in order to secure your system from intruders.

Press Next and List the name of users whom you want to make Administrators of the system.
XP is installed in your system and you can use it to suit your need.

Creating Partition in Windows XP

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First of all reach the partition table screen. To reach there see Installing windows.
If you want to delete any of the Partiton then press D here and confirm the same by pressing L or the key listed there.
If you want to create a fresh partition then repeat the above step for each partition until you see only one row heading Unpartitioned space with amount equal to the size of your Hard Disc.
Creating Partition In order to create a new partition press C on the unpartitioned space and then provide partition size in MegaBytes(1GB=1024MB), but you can roughly use 1GB = 1000MB. Therefore in order to create a partition of 40GB provide 40000 as the size.
Repeat above step for all the partition you want to create.
NOTE : 8MB of Unpartitioned is left intact automatically in order to store Boot Record and therefore can not be used in any partition. It should be taken as normal and not as any problem.

Some Registry Changes

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Hide Run from Start Menu
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer\NoRun = 1 (REG_DWORD)
Above statement means first locate My Computer then scroll down to HKEY_CURRENT_USER which contains the Key Software which in turn is having a key named Microsoft. Then scroll to Windows then to CurrentVersion and then expand policies. There you will find a Key Named Explorer.Single Click this key and select its Property Named NoRun (Create it, if it does not exist. Its Type is DWORD which is given in Brackets). Now Double Click it and Make its value 1 to enable this registry or it means to not display Run in start menu Make it 1 and if you want to display the Run in Start Menu then Make it as 0.

Above change will Hide Run from Start Menu, from Task Manager(generally Run is in file Menu of Task Manager), and moreover you can not Start the Run by pressing Win+R (Shortcut for Run). It means Run has been completely Disabled.
Some of the changes requires a system Restart while others work fine if a simple refresh is performed.

Enable-Disable A property

"1" in the value enables it and a "0" in the value disables the property.

Hide Find Option in Start Menu

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer\NoFind = 1 (REG_DWORD)

Above registry Alteration will hide Search Command from Start Menu and other locations.

Force Classic Start Menu

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer\NoSimpleStartMenu = 1 (REG_DWORD)

Generally you can change the look of Start Menu by right clicking the taskbar and then select Properties. Under Start Menu you can chose the type of start menu you require. But above registry Alteration will hide the Start Menu Option and only Classic Start Menu will be there.

Hide Find Option in Start Menu

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer\NoFind = 1 (REG_DWORD)

Above registry Alteration will hide Search Command from Start Menu and other locations.

Registry Editor

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You require only registry editor to make the changes. One provided with Microsoft will suffice the need, but you may use anyone you like.

Here the race begins.....

Starting the Registry Editor

First method is to type REGEDIT in the Run dialog Box and Hit Enter to invoke Registry Editor.
Seconnd Method is to Manually start Registry Editor from C:\Windows\Regedit.exe

You can run your registry editor of your choice by clicking the executable icon at its installed location.

Look and Feel of Registry Editor

It consists of a window divided in two panes left and right with My Computer on the top in left pane and some values in the right pane.

Left pane data is called the Key and Right Pane data is called the Value.

Every key has some values associated with it and some keys also have some subkeys associated with them. Values can be accessed by clicking in the right pane values and can be modified by double clicking them or select modify from the context menu(Menu which appears when you right click it).

Similarly you can access any subkey by double clicking its Key or selecting Expand from the context Menu.
In order to delete any Key press delete or select Delete from Context Menu and same for the values.

Basics of Values

As told earlier Values are the data seen in right pane which have three basic properties:-

Name :- A unique Name in that key which makes is used to refer to a particular property.

Type :- Type of Value it can hole or like the Data Type in any Programming Language.

Data :- The value currently it is holding, just like the value of a variable.

Any Particular Entry must be of one of the following five Type:-

String Value

Binary Value

DWORD Value

Multi String

Expandable String Value

About Right Pane

At the top of all the Keys lies My Computer which is the Super Key for all the Keys and under My Computer there are five Sub Keys and all the references in registry starts from these Keys under My Computer. They hold information regarding Particular area. Five sub keys under My Computer are:-

HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT:- It has the information regarding which application to launch on encountering a particular exetension.

HKEY_CURRENT_USER:- Settings related to current user. Only settings different from the default one are shown here.

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE:- Hardware related settings and Software specific settings.

HKEY_USERS:- If you are an Administrator then you can see this hive listing different users settings.

HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG:- Current Hardware configuration on which the system is running.

How to make changes

Locate the registry you want to edit by scrolling successivly until you reach there. Create any non-existing Key. Then create or Alter the value of required registry.

Create a Reg file which will scroll automatically to the desired location and make changes. For more information see creating .REG file.

Basics of Registry

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We are using very familiar words in place of some Technical Words just in order to ease the reader from all Backgrounds.

Here we are going to learn the basics of Registry. Registry is a system database which has all the user related, system related, Hardware related data in a systematic manner and everytime you switch on your PC system gets those settings and you are able to get exactly what you saved lasst time-the background, the screensaver, the desktop literally everything, though someone else has also logged on meanwhile. All this is because of registry.

Registry editor is a tool provided to manually alter the registry in case it has been accidently modified or you want some specific settings to be done manually. Before going to change your registry manually be sure that you are the only one responsible for any damage which may incur if you implement these changes manually and neither durgeshindia nor freewebs are responible for the same. All the changes have been thoroughly checked on a system whose configuration is as follows :-

Intel Dual Core 1.86GHz Processor with 2MB L2 Cache memory
512 DDR-II 533MHz RAM
160GB Hard Disc

In order to be safe write down all the changes you do to your registry, so that you can use them to trace back the system in case it become unstable.

You can also consult durgeshindia to help (absolutly free of cost) you recover your system. You must be having the Administrator password in case of recovery if the same is scheduled.

Virus Protection from Pen Drives

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Hello!
Let's first know how a virus generally attacks from the pen drive. Whenever we plug an external media onto our PC or laptop it autoplays itself you can see the dialog boxes asking you to chose an option on hw to play the external media. When a device is infected with virus it contains a file with the name autorun.inf which contains some text like
[autorun]
open=some file name
shell/execute...
and so on.
What basicall happens is that when your system autoplays the device it reads this autorun file and commands written under it get executed by the explorer and hence infects your system.
Another method is that when you double click the device icon the virus gets executed, main reason remains same as above.
Now the basic idea is clear on how the system gets infected from external medias.
How to protect ?
First of all disable autoplay on all media for all kind of files. Basically it is nothng but just modifying some registries so that none of your medias get autoplayed (Relax no side-effects to your normal working). You can do so by using softwares like Tune up utilities or will get the registry file for same on this site after some time (I apologise for the same right now).
After you have done the same, None of your external drives will now autorun. Next is that do not open the drive by double clicking it, rather follow a different procedure. Open Windows Explorer (win + E) and chose the drive icon from left pane by a single click. Make the settings to show all hidden system files, so that you are able to view hidden scripts and executables. Also arrange the icons by type and view them in groups so that you can view any discrepancies (like executable virus file with icon that of a folder, spreading now a days like mustard seeds! Sorry inappropriate sentence!!). Now delete any unwanted and unsure files from there by carefully single clicking them and follow the same in other inner folders or you can automate them using search options and searchong for *.bat, *.exe, *.com and deleting any suspicious files.
In Nutshell
Disable autplay on all kinds of external media (one time change)
Open the Explorer (Win+E)
Tools->Folder Options->View->Show hidden files and shoe system protected files
Arrange icons by type and show them in groups
Delete suspicious files from there and from any subdirectory
Open folders by single clicking folder from left pane only.
Good use of above thing!!
Create a file named autorun.inf in root directory of any drive i.e. its location should be X:\autorun.inf with following text
[autorun]
open="address of any file, which is in same drive address without the drive letter"
icon="same address"
for example dcb\abc.ico if absolute address is X:\dcb\abc.ico
now save the file and right click and select install from the context menu of the file.
Remove your media and reinsert it (restart if doing in hard disc). See the drive icon
Make any person think different of yours.
Post your doubts and comments regarding the same. I would be happy to clear your doubts.
Ring me at +91-9899024447 or mail me at mailto:atdurgeshindia@gmail.com

Basics of HTML

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HTML :- Hypertext Markup Language
HTML is the language specially meant for displaying web pages as per my knowledge. It is a simple language and requires a little knowledge inorder to develop a web page. Command in HTML is called TAGS which is enclosed in angular braces <>. We will be dealing with all the tags one by one.
Some tags require starting as well as closing tags. According to new rules you need to close all the tags. We will cover this issue soon in the text.
What I require to create a HTML file?
Any text editor like Notepad in Windows will suffice. If you want to use advanced word processor then you save the file as text only, in order to remove any formatting done by the word processor.
Any web browser like Internet Explorer, Firefox, Chrome and any other you like. But a word of caution some of the HTML tags are not supported by one or the other browser. Use of Internet Explorer is recommended for use as per this site is concerned.
You can also use other HTML formatting softwares in order to create a web page easily like Frontpage.
How to create a HTML file?
Write the html code in the text editor and save it with extension .htm or .html in order to make it HTML file. Remember to select All Files or Simple text file in order to make it HTML only.
Name it index.htm or index.html if you want it to make your default page or main page.
*Important Use of .htm is recommended since many browser support three letter extension.
How to view HTML Page?
Open the required web browser and put the address of your page in the address bar and hit enter in order to view the page.
Or you can also select File->Open->Browse->Select your file and Press OK twice to view your page.
Another method is simply double click the icon of the page you created and it will open in the default browser.
If you want it to open in a particular web browser then Right click the icon and chose open with and then select the web browser you want to use. If it is not displaying there then click select choose program and double click the program you want it to open with.
TAGS:- Commands in the HTML file is known as tag. It is enclosed within angular braces (<>). Starting tags may contain some of the options while Closing Tag contain only the command prefixed with a slash (/). e.g.
To bold a portion of text Hello . First one is a starting tag while one with a / is a closing bold tag.
Some tags do no require any closing tag, therefore are suffixed with a /. e.g.

which is used to give a line break. If we omit the / , even then it will work fine but it is recommended to make it portable to be used in next generation rules.
Tags in HTML are not case sensitive though use of small cases is recommended for new generation rules.

HTML Tags Quick List

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<HTML> </HTML>

Every html file should start with a html tag and end with a closing html tag. It specifies that the given document is a html file.

<HEAD> </HEAD>

It defines various heading related portions of a web page. This tag consists of various other tags like title and script.

<TITLE> </TITLE>

It is used to assign a title to the page, which appears on the title bar at the top of the browser. This tag is placed between the head tag.

<BODY> </BODY>

It indicates that all the portons within the tag are to be displayed in the document section of the website.

<FRAMESET> </FRAMESET>

This tag is used when we want to create frames within the web page.

<FRAME> </FRAME>

To create a new frame in current frameset. Always within the frrameset tag.

<SCRIPT> </SCRIPT>

If we want to use scripting within the web page, the scipt is written within the script tag. It can appear anywhere in the document.

Out of the above tags HTML, HEAD, BODY, FRAMESET are the most important tags in a web page which defines various portions of a web page. Out of these either BODY or FRAMESET only one can be present in a web page at a time. None of the page can have both the tags together.
These tags are organised in following manner:-


<HTML>
 <HEAD> heading portion </HEAD>

 <BODY> body portion </BODY>
   or
 <FRAMESET> frames declaration </FRAMESET>
</HTML>

<B> </B>

It bolds the text.

<I> </I>

It italics the text.

<U> </U>

It underlines the text.

<SUP> </SUP>

Text is considered as superscript.

<SUB> </SUB>

Text is considered as subscript.

<TT> </TT>

Used to write text in teletype.

<FONT> </FONT>

To change the font size or the font colour of the text tis tag is used.

<PRE> </PRE>

Text is assumed to be prefrmatted and no formatting is applied or removed. It is displayed as it is without removing any spaces and line breaks.

<Hn> </Hn> --n replaced with a number between 1-7

To create a heading in the file we use H tag followed with a number n which ranges from 1 to 7. 1 means the largest and 7 the smallest,i.e. H1 to H7 refers to the heading tag in HTML.

<BR>

To give a line break. Just like hitting an Enter Key Once.

<HR>

To draw a Horizontal Rule(Horizontal Line).

<IMG>

To draw an image at the current location

<A> </A>

Creates a hyperlink Reference to a web location or to a directory location or to an email reference.

<TABLE> </TABLE>

To draw a table in the web page.

<TH> </TH>

To assign a Heading to the table column.

<TR> </TR>

To create a new row in the table.

<TD> </TD>

To create a new cell in the current row of current table.

<DIV> </DIV>

Div is used to create divisions in the body. It gives the functionality similar to frameset but look greatly enhanced as compared to frameset.

<FORM> </FORM>

To design a form in the web page this tag is used and all the controls are drawn within the tag.

<INPUT>

To create a control on the web site input tag is used with different control types.

Please leave a lot of comment to promote such future activities

Visit www.freewebs.com/durgeshindia/ for more details

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I am durgesh Chaudhary pursuing my undergraduate engineering degree in Computer science from IndraPrastha University.

I am here to share my computer language to help you in many sort and I want you to help me in this regard.

I will be updating the blog weekly.

You can contact me :-

+91-9899024447

helpdesk1988@gmail.com

http://www.freewebs.com/durgeshindia/